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The information found or referenced herein is not intended to be legal advice
or a substitute for obtaining legal advice from a licensed attorney.
2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003
The Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit finally published their decision in Knorr-Bremse v. Dana Corp. et al. on September 13, 2004. This decision has been eagerly anticipated, due to its importance with respect to the effect of opinion letters in U.S. patent infringement litigation. In Knorr-Bremse, the CAFC sought to provide answers to four questions relating to the issue of the "adverse inference" rule. The "adverse inference" rule allowed the fact-finder (normally the jury) in patent infringement litigation to assume that the defendant's refusal to disclose information relating to an opinion letter meant that the opinion letter was or would have been unfavorable to the defendant. Needless to say, allowing the fact-finder to assume this often proved highly damaging to the defendant's case. More specifically, the CAFC provided answers to the following questions: Q1. When the attorney-client privilege and/or work-product privilege is invoked by a defendant in an infringement suit, is it appropriate for the fact-finder to draw an adverse inference with respect to willful infringement? A1: No. Under the previous rule, a defendant could refuse to disclose information relating to an opinion letter based upon the attorney-client privilege and/or work-product privilege. However, this meant that an adverse inference could be drawn by the fact-finder. On the other hand, if the defendant agreed to disclose information to relating an opinion letter in order to avoid the adverse inference, then the attorney-client privilege and work-product privilege with respect to the opinion letter would be lost. Under this new rule, the defendant can refuse to disclose this information based upon the attorney-client privilege and/or work-product privilege, AND avoid the adverse inference. Q2: When the defendant had not obtained legal advice, is it appropriate to draw an adverse inference with respect to willful infringement? A2: No. Although there continues to be an affirmative duty of due care to avoid infringement of the known patent rights of others, there is no duty to obtain legal advice. If the fact-finder determines that the defendant failed to consult with an attorney (or obtain an opinion letter), they will not be allowed to assume that the advice (or opinion letter) would have been unfavorable. Q3: If the court concludes that the law should be changed, and the adverse inference withdrawn as applied to this case, what are the consequences for this case? A3: The district court in this case held that because one defendant invoked the attorney-client privilege in order to withhold its opinions of counsel, and the other defendant failed to obtain an independent legal opinion despite a warning and notice of infringement, then an adverse inference was appropriate. This adverse inference led to a finding of willful infringement. However, the CAFC ruled that because the adverse inference will no longer be permitted, the finding of willful infringement must be vacated, and the totality of the circumstances must be reconsidered by the district court. Q4: Should the existence of a substantial defense to infringement be sufficient to defeat liability for willful infringement even if no legal advice has been secured? A4: No. The totality of the circumstances must still be considered when determining if willful infringement has occurred. In other words, all facts surrounding the infringement by the defendant (except the presence or absence of an opinion letter) must still be considered by the fact-finder. Note that if the CAFC had answered this question "Yes", then the need for an opinion letter would have been eliminated in most patent infringement litigation. Comments The CAFC's decision in Knorr-Bremse is a major change in the law concerning the role of opinion letters in U.S. patent litigation. Previously, the failure of an infringer to obtain or disclose an opinion letter virtually guaranteed that the fact-finder would determine that the infringement was willful. Now, under the new Knorr-Bremse rule, an infringer who fails to obtain or disclose an opinion letter, or even fails to consult with an attorney, may still be able to avoid willful infringement and enhanced damages. However, whether or not this is an advisable course of action is another question. There are a number of factors an accused infringer must consider before deciding whether or not to obtain an opinion letter. These factors include (1) whether the totality of the circumstances tend to prove willfulness or non-willfulness, and (2) the amount of enhanced damages that may have to be paid. Thus, it will still be important for a company who becomes aware of a patent to consult with their attorneys regarding the best course of action.(SR) If you would like to read the CAFC's opinion, you can find it at (Japanese translation as follows) 連邦巡回控訴裁判所は、ついにKnorr-Bremse v. Dana Corp.事件の判決を2004年 9月13日に公表しました。 この判決は、米国特許権侵害訴訟中の鑑定書の影響に関して重要であるために、熱望されていました。 Knorr-Bremse v. Dana Corp.事件では、CAFCが、「反対推論」規則の問題に関連する4つの質問への答えを示そうとしていました。そもそも、「反対推論」規則は、侵害者が鑑定書に関する情報を開示することを拒むことは、鑑定書が侵害者にとって否定的である又は否定的であったことを、米国特許権侵害訴訟における事実認定者(通常、陪審員)に推定させ、このことは、いうまでもなく、多くの場合、被告側にとって大きなダメージとなっていました。 より詳細には、CAFCは次の質問への答えを示しました。 Q1:侵害訴訟で、被告が弁護士-クライアント秘匿特権及び/又はワーク・プロダクト特権法を引き合いに出した場合に、故意侵害に関して事実認定者が反対推論を行うことは適切ですか?
A1:いいえ。 新しい規則の下では、被告が、弁護士-クライアント秘匿特権及び/又はワーク・プロダクト特権に基づいたこの情報を開示することを拒絶することができ、反対推論を回避することができます。 Q2:被告が法的な助言を得ていなかった場合、故意侵害に関して反対推論を行うことは適切ですか?
A2:いいえ。 Q3:法が変更されるべきであると裁判所が結論し、本件に適用された反対推論が取り下げられた場合、本事件の結果はどのようになるのですか? A3: この件について、地方裁判所は、1人の被告が、弁護士の鑑定を保留するために弁護士-クライアント秘匿特権を発動し、別の被告が、侵害の警告および通知にもかかわらず独立した法的鑑定を得なかったので、その後、反対推論が適切であると判決しました。この反対推論は、故意侵害の認定に結びつきました。しかし、CAFCは、反対推論はもはや許されないので、故意侵害の認定が無効にされるべきであると判決しました。よって、地方裁判所は、全体状況を再考しなければなりません。 Q4:法的な助言が得られていなかった場合でも、侵害に対する実質的抗弁が存在すれば、故意侵害の責任を否定するのに十分であるとされるのですか?
A4:いいえ。 もしCAFCがこの疑問に「はい」と答えていたら、鑑定書の必要がほとんどの特許権侵害訴訟の中で消失するであろうことに注意してください。 コメント CAFCのKnorr-Bremse v. Dana Corp.事件の判決は、米国特許訴訟における鑑定書の役割に関する法律において、大きな変化をもたらします。 以前は、侵害者が鑑定書を得ておらず、あるいは鑑定書を開示しないことは、事実認定者が侵害は故意であったと判断するであろうことを事実上保証していました。 新しいKnorr-Bremseルールの下では、鑑定書を得ておらず、鑑定書を開示せず、あるいは、弁護士にさらに助言を求めない侵害者でも、故意侵害及び増額賠償を回避することができるかもしれません。 しかし、これが賢明な行為であるかということとは別の問題です。 鑑定書を得るべきかどうか決定する前に、侵害被疑者は考慮すべき多くの要因があります。これらの要因は、(1)全体状況が故意か故意でないかの立証につながるかどうか、(2)支払うことになるかもしれない増額賠償の額などです。よって、特許を認知する企業にとって、最良の行為に関して弁護士に助言を求めることは、未だ重要なことであるでしょう。(KH) |
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